ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate handgrip strength and dynapenia prevalence among older adults stratified by Brazilian macroregions. Additionally, we aim to evaluate the overlap between dynapenia and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) disability, depression, and executive dysfunction on a national basis and by each Brazilian macroregion. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis was based on data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). A multistage cluster sample design was used, with a representative population-based study of non-institutionalized community-dwelling Brazilians aged ≥ 50 years from 70 municipalities across all five macroregions of the country. The outcome variable was dynapenia. Covariables were IADL disability, depression, and executive dysfunction. The Brazilian macroregions were used for stratification. In addition, the following additional variables were included: age group, gender, education level, macroregions (North, Northeast, Southeast, South, and Midwest), self-reported health, multimorbidity, and falls. RESULTS A total of 8,849 (94%) of the sample provided complete information for the handgrip strength assessment and were included in this analysis. Dynapenia prevalence was higher in North and Northeast regions (28.5% and 35.1%, respectively). We identified statistically significant differences between different macroregions for dynapenia, IADL disability, and verbal fluency, with worse values in the North and Northeast regions. In the North and Northeast macroregions, nearly half of the subjects that presented executive dysfunction and IADL disability also had dynapenia. There was a more significant overlap in the prevalence of all four conditions in the North and Northeast regions (4.8% and 5.5%, respectively), whereas the overlap was smaller in the South (2.3%). There was also a smaller overlap in the prevalence of dynapenia and depression in the South (5.8%) compared with other macroregions. CONCLUSIONS Macroregions in Brazil exhibit marked differences in the prevalence of dynapenia and in its overlap with IADL disability, depression, and executive dysfunction.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate handgrip strength and dynapenia prevalence among older adults stratified by Brazilian macroregions. Additionally, we aim to evaluate the overlap between dynapenia and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) disability, depression, and executive dysfunction on a national basis and by each Brazilian macroregion. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis was based on data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). A multistage cluster sample design was used, with a representative population-based study of non-institutionalized community-dwelling Brazilians aged ≥ 50 years from 70 municipalities across all five macroregions of the country. The outcome variable was dynapenia. Covariables were IADL disability, depression, and executive dysfunction. The Brazilian macroregions were used for stratification. In addition, the following additional variables were included: age group, gender, education level, macroregions (North, Northeast, Southeast, South, and Midwest), self-reported health, multimorbidity, and falls. RESULTS A total of 8,849 (94%) of the sample provided complete information for the handgrip strength assessment and were included in this analysis. Dynapenia prevalence was higher in North and Northeast regions (28.5% and 35.1%, respectively). We identified statistically significant differences between different macroregions for dynapenia, IADL disability, and verbal fluency, with worse values in the North and Northeast regions. In the North and Northeast macroregions, nearly half of the subjects that presented executive dysfunction and IADL disability also had dynapenia. There was a more significant overlap in the prevalence of all four conditions in the North and Northeast regions (4.8% and 5.5%, respectively), whereas the overlap was smaller in the South (2.3%). There was also a smaller overlap in the prevalence of dynapenia and depression in the South (5.8%) compared with other macroregions. CONCLUSIONS Macroregions in Brazil exhibit marked differences in the prevalence of dynapenia and in its overlap with IADL disability, depression, and executive dysfunction.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE In recent decades there has been an increase in the use of antidepressants (AD) and a decrease in the use of benzodiazepines (BDZ). Prevalence, cumulative incidence, and factors associated with the incidence of AD and BDZ use in a Brazilian population were estimated in this article. METHODS Data were collected with a self-administered questionnaire in a cohort of employees from a university in Rio de Janeiro. The prevalence of the use of AD and BDZ was calculated for 1999 (4,030), 2001 (3,574), 2006-07 (3,058), and 2012 (2,933). The cumulative incidences of the use of AD and BDZ between 1999 and 2007 were estimated by the Poisson models with robust variance estimates. RESULTS In 1999, the prevalence of the use of AD and BDZ were 1.4% (95%CI: 1.1–1.8) and 4.7% (95%CI: 4.1–5.4), respectively; in 2012, they were 5.4% (95%CI: 5.5–6.2) and 6.8% (95%CI: 6.0–7.8). The incidence of use, between 1999 and 2007, was 4.9% (95%CI: 4.2–5.7) for AD and 8.3% (95%CI: 7.3–9.3) for BDZ. The incidences of AD and BDZ use were higher among women and participants with a positive General Health Questionnaire. CONCLUSION In this population, the increase in the use of AD was not accompanied by a decrease in the use of BDZ, showing the prescriptions for psychotropic medication do not follow the currently recommended guidelines for treatment of common mental health disorders.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE In recent decades there has been an increase in the use of antidepressants (AD) and a decrease in the use of benzodiazepines (BDZ). Prevalence, cumulative incidence, and factors associated with the incidence of AD and BDZ use in a Brazilian population were estimated in this article. METHODS Data were collected with a self-administered questionnaire in a cohort of employees from a university in Rio de Janeiro. The prevalence of the use of AD and BDZ was calculated for 1999 (4,030), 2001 (3,574), 2006-07 (3,058), and 2012 (2,933). The cumulative incidences of the use of AD and BDZ between 1999 and 2007 were estimated by the Poisson models with robust variance estimates. RESULTS In 1999, the prevalence of the use of AD and BDZ were 1.4% (95%CI: 1.1–1.8) and 4.7% (95%CI: 4.1–5.4), respectively; in 2012, they were 5.4% (95%CI: 5.5–6.2) and 6.8% (95%CI: 6.0–7.8). The incidence of use, between 1999 and 2007, was 4.9% (95%CI: 4.2–5.7) for AD and 8.3% (95%CI: 7.3–9.3) for BDZ. The incidences of AD and BDZ use were higher among women and participants with a positive General Health Questionnaire. CONCLUSION In this population, the increase in the use of AD was not accompanied by a decrease in the use of BDZ, showing the prescriptions for psychotropic medication do not follow the currently recommended guidelines for treatment of common mental health disorders.

Resumo: O objetivo foi analisar a agregação do consumo de álcool, tabaco, excesso de peso e sono curto em adolescentes brasileiros. Trata-se de estudo transversal, multicêntrico realizado com base em adolescentes participantes do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA). A amostra foi composta por adolescentes que responderam completamente aos questionários sobre sono, tabaco e uso de bebidas alcoólicas, além de terem realizado antropometria com medidas de peso e estatura aferidas. A agregação foi analisada comparando a prevalência observada com a esperada dos fatores de risco em todas as possibilidades de agrupamento, e seus intervalos de 95% de confiança. As análises foram realizadas no programa estatístico Stata 14, mediante uso do comando svy (survey) para dados de amostra complexa. São 73.624 adolescentes, 25,5% dos estudantes apresentam excesso de peso e 24,2% fazem uso de bebida alcoólica. A agregação dos quatro fatores de risco foi de O/E = 5,6. A prevalência de agregação dos três fatores foi maior naqueles com 15 a 17 anos (P = 4,8). Na análise de ORP (odds ratio de prevalência) da combinação de dois fatores de risco, observou-se que os fumantes têm 11,80 vezes mais chances de também beber quando comparados àqueles que não fumam e vice-versa, nas escolas privadas. Em relação à idade, adolescentes com 12 e 14 anos que fumam têm 15,46 vezes mais chances de também beber e vice-versa. Adolescentes estudados apresentam a presença dos quatro fatores de forma agregada e há relação significativa entre o tabaco e o consumo de álcool.

Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the aggregation of alcohol consumption, smoking, excess weight, and short sleep in Brazilian adolescents. This was a cross-sectional multicenter study conducted with teens participating in the Study of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents (ERICA in Portuguese). The sample consisted of adolescents that answered the complete questionnaires on sleep, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages, in addition to having their weight and height measured. Aggregation was analyzed by comparing the observed and expected prevalence of risk factors in all possible groupings, with the respective 95% confidence intervals. Analyses were performed in Stata 14 using the svy (survey) command for complex sample data. The sample included 73,624 adolescents, of whom 25.5% had excess weight and 24.2% consumed alcoholic beverages. Aggregation of the four risk factors was O/E = 5.6. Aggregation of three factors was more prevalent in those 15 to 17 years of age (P = 4.8). In the POR (prevalence odds ratio) analysis of the combination of two risk factors, those that smoked showed 11.80 higher odds of also consuming alcohol, compared to those that did not smoke, and vice versa, in private schools. In relation to age, adolescents 12 to 14 years of age that smoked showed 15.46 times higher odds of also drinking, and vice and versa. Adolescents in the sample presented the aggregate presence of four risk factors, and there was a significant relationship between tobacco and alcohol consumption.

Resumen: El objetivo fue analizar la agregación del consumo de alcohol, tabaco, exceso de peso y sueño corto en adolescentes brasileños. Se trata de un estudio transversal, multicéntrico, realizado a partir de adolescentes participantes del Estudio de Riesgos Cardiovasculares en Adolescentes (ERICA). La muestra estuvo compuesta por adolescentes que respondieron completamente los cuestionarios sobre sueño, tabaco y uso de bebidas alcohólicas, además de haber realizado antropometría con medidas de peso y estatura medidas. La agregación se analizó comparando la prevalencia observada con la esperada de los factores de riesgo en todas las posibilidades de agrupamiento, y sus intervalos de confianza (95%). Los análisis se realizaron con el programa estadístico Stata 14, mediante el uso del control svy (survey) para datos de muestra compleja. Son 73.624 adolescentes, un 25,5% de los estudiantes presentan exceso de peso y un 24,2% consumen bebidas alcohólicas. La agregación de los cuatro factores de riesgo fue de O/E = 5,6. La prevalencia de agregación de los tres factores fue mayor en aquellos con 15 a 17 años (P = 4,8). En el análisis de ORP (odds ratio de prevalencia) de la combinación de dos factores de riesgo, se observó que aquellos que fuman tienen 11,80 veces más oportunidades de beber también, cuando los comparamos con aquellos que no fuman y viceversa en las escuelas privadas. En relación con la edad, los adolescentes con 12 y 14 años que fuman tienen 15,46 veces más oportunidades de también beber y viceversa. Los adolescentes estudiados presentan la presencia de los cuatro factores de forma agregada y existe una relación significativa entre tabaco y el consumo de alcohol.

Resumo: O objetivo foi analisar a agregação do consumo de álcool, tabaco, excesso de peso e sono curto em adolescentes brasileiros. Trata-se de estudo transversal, multicêntrico realizado com base em adolescentes participantes do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA). A amostra foi composta por adolescentes que responderam completamente aos questionários sobre sono, tabaco e uso de bebidas alcoólicas, além de terem realizado antropometria com medidas de peso e estatura aferidas. A agregação foi analisada comparando a prevalência observada com a esperada dos fatores de risco em todas as possibilidades de agrupamento, e seus intervalos de 95% de confiança. As análises foram realizadas no programa estatístico Stata 14, mediante uso do comando svy (survey) para dados de amostra complexa. São 73.624 adolescentes, 25,5% dos estudantes apresentam excesso de peso e 24,2% fazem uso de bebida alcoólica. A agregação dos quatro fatores de risco foi de O/E = 5,6. A prevalência de agregação dos três fatores foi maior naqueles com 15 a 17 anos (P = 4,8). Na análise de ORP (odds ratio de prevalência) da combinação de dois fatores de risco, observou-se que os fumantes têm 11,80 vezes mais chances de também beber quando comparados àqueles que não fumam e vice-versa, nas escolas privadas. Em relação à idade, adolescentes com 12 e 14 anos que fumam têm 15,46 vezes mais chances de também beber e vice-versa. Adolescentes estudados apresentam a presença dos quatro fatores de forma agregada e há relação significativa entre o tabaco e o consumo de álcool.

Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the aggregation of alcohol consumption, smoking, excess weight, and short sleep in Brazilian adolescents. This was a cross-sectional multicenter study conducted with teens participating in the Study of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents (ERICA in Portuguese). The sample consisted of adolescents that answered the complete questionnaires on sleep, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages, in addition to having their weight and height measured. Aggregation was analyzed by comparing the observed and expected prevalence of risk factors in all possible groupings, with the respective 95% confidence intervals. Analyses were performed in Stata 14 using the svy (survey) command for complex sample data. The sample included 73,624 adolescents, of whom 25.5% had excess weight and 24.2% consumed alcoholic beverages. Aggregation of the four risk factors was O/E = 5.6. Aggregation of three factors was more prevalent in those 15 to 17 years of age (P = 4.8). In the POR (prevalence odds ratio) analysis of the combination of two risk factors, those that smoked showed 11.80 higher odds of also consuming alcohol, compared to those that did not smoke, and vice versa, in private schools. In relation to age, adolescents 12 to 14 years of age that smoked showed 15.46 times higher odds of also drinking, and vice and versa. Adolescents in the sample presented the aggregate presence of four risk factors, and there was a significant relationship between tobacco and alcohol consumption.

Resumen: El objetivo fue analizar la agregación del consumo de alcohol, tabaco, exceso de peso y sueño corto en adolescentes brasileños. Se trata de un estudio transversal, multicéntrico, realizado a partir de adolescentes participantes del Estudio de Riesgos Cardiovasculares en Adolescentes (ERICA). La muestra estuvo compuesta por adolescentes que respondieron completamente los cuestionarios sobre sueño, tabaco y uso de bebidas alcohólicas, además de haber realizado antropometría con medidas de peso y estatura medidas. La agregación se analizó comparando la prevalencia observada con la esperada de los factores de riesgo en todas las posibilidades de agrupamiento, y sus intervalos de confianza (95%). Los análisis se realizaron con el programa estadístico Stata 14, mediante el uso del control svy (survey) para datos de muestra compleja. Son 73.624 adolescentes, un 25,5% de los estudiantes presentan exceso de peso y un 24,2% consumen bebidas alcohólicas. La agregación de los cuatro factores de riesgo fue de O/E = 5,6. La prevalencia de agregación de los tres factores fue mayor en aquellos con 15 a 17 años (P = 4,8). En el análisis de ORP (odds ratio de prevalencia) de la combinación de dos factores de riesgo, se observó que aquellos que fuman tienen 11,80 veces más oportunidades de beber también, cuando los comparamos con aquellos que no fuman y viceversa en las escuelas privadas. En relación con la edad, los adolescentes con 12 y 14 años que fuman tienen 15,46 veces más oportunidades de también beber y viceversa. Los adolescentes estudiados presentan la presencia de los cuatro factores de forma agregada y existe una relación significativa entre tabaco y el consumo de alcohol.

Os objetivos deste artigo são: (i) comparar medidas autorrelatadas de peso e estatura com medidas aferidas; (ii) avaliar o impacto dessas discrepâncias sobre o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e as prevalências de sobrepeso e obesidade; e (iii) aplicar modelos de correção das medidas autorrelatadas e avaliar o grau de melhoria das medidas corrigidas produzidas pelo uso desses modelos. Realizou-se estudo transversal, com avaliação de 4.151 adultos (18 a 60 anos) participantes do Estudo Epidemiológico dos Transtornos Mentais São Paulo Megacity. Foram propostos e testados modelos de regressão linear estratificados por sexo, para a correção das medidas autorrelatadas. Para avaliar a concordância, usou-se o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse para as medidas aferidas, medidas autorrelatadas e medidas corrigidas, bem como o coeficiente kappa para as categorias de classificação do IMC. O peso autorrelatado e o IMC resultantes foram subestimados, ao passo que a estatura foi superestimada, comparados às medidas aferidas. Com todos os modelos de correção, as medidas corrigidas tornaram-se mais próximas às medidas aferidas. As prevalências de excesso de peso, quando calculadas a partir das medidas autorrelatadas, estavam subestimadas em 24% em homens e 28% em mulheres. Com as correções, a subestimativa diminuiu para 8% e 10%, respectivamente. Identificou-se concordância moderada para as medidas autorrelatadas e concordância substancial para as medidas corrigidas, quando comparadas às medidas reais. O uso de equações de correção para dados autorrelatados mostrou-se um método útil para produzir estimativas mais fidedignas da prevalência de excesso de peso e obesidade na população geral, geralmente estimadas a partir de medidas de peso e estatura autorrelatadas nos inquéritos populacionais.

The study’s objectives: compare self-report measures of weight and height with direct measures; assess the impact of these discrepancies on body mass index (BMI) and prevalence of overweight and obesity; and apply correction models to the self-report measures and assess the degree of improvement in the corrected measures produced with the use of these models. A cross-sectional study was performed, assessing 4,151 adults (18 to 60 years) participating in the São Paulo Megacity Epidemiological Study. Linear regression models stratified by sex were proposed for correction of self-reported measures. Agreement was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient for the direct measures, self-report measures, and corrected measures, and kappa coefficient for BMI classification categories. Self-reported weight and the resulting BMI were underestimated, while height was overestimated, compared to direct measures. With all the correction models, the corrected measures were closer to the direct measures. Prevalence rates for excess weight, calculated by self-report measures, were underestimated by 24% in men and by 28% in women; with corrections, the underestimation decreased to 8% and 10%, respectively. The results showed moderate agreement for self-report measures and substantial agreement for corrected measures compared to direct measures. The use of correction equations for self-report data proved to be a useful method for producing more trustworthy estimates of prevalence of overweight and obesity in the general population, usually estimated from self-report measures of weight and height in population surveys.

Los objetivos fueron: comparar medidas autoinformadas de peso y estatura con medidas evaluadas; evaluar el impacto de estas discrepancias sobre el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y las prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad; y aplicar modelos de corrección de las medidas autoinformadas y evaluar el grado de mejoría de las medidas corregidas, producidas por el uso de esos modelos. Se realizó un estudio transversal evaluando a 4.151 adultos (18 a 60 años), participantes en el Estudio Epidemiológico São Paulo Megacity. Se propusieron y probaron modelos de regresión lineal estratificados por sexo para la corrección de las medidas autoinformadas. Para evaluar la concordancia, se usó el coeficiente de correlación intraclase para las medidas evaluadas, medidas autoinformadas y medidas corregidas, y el coeficiente kappa para las categorías de clasificación del IMC. El peso autoinformado y el IMC resultantes fueron subestimados mientras la estatura fue sobrestimada, comparados con las medidas evaluadas. Con todos los modelos de corrección, las medidas corregidas se convirtieron en más cercanas a las medidas evaluadas. Las prevalencias de exceso de peso, cuando se calculan a partir de las medidas autoinformadas, estaban subestimadas en un 24% en hombres y un 28% en las mujeres; con las correcciones, la infravaloración disminuyó a un 8% y un 10%, respectivamente. Se identificó una concordancia moderada para las medidas autoinformadas y una concordancia sustancial para las medidas corregidas, cuando se compararon con las medidas reales. El uso de ecuaciones de corrección para dados autoinformados se mostró un método útil para producir estimaciones más fidedignas de la prevalencia de exceso de peso y obesidad en la población general, generalmente estimadas a partir de medidas de peso y estatura autoinformadas en las encuestas poblacionales.

Resumo: O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da exposição e do tempo de exposição ao aleitamento materno na ocorrência de transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) entre adolescentes escolares brasileiros. Este trabalho analisou dados do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA), avaliando aqueles que tiveram o questionário referente ao aleitamento materno respondido pelos pais ou responsáveis. A presença de TMC foi identificada pelo General Health Questionnaire, versão 12 itens (GHQ-12), considerando-se dois pontos de corte (escores ≥ 3 e ≥ 5). As associações foram testadas em análises bivariadas e por meio de modelos de regressão logística múltipla, com ajustes por variáveis potenciais de confusão. Dentre os 41.723 adolescentes avaliados, a maioria foi composta por estudantes do sexo feminino (54,6%), que tinham idades entre 12 e 15 anos (71%), estudavam em escolas públicas (83,1%), residiam na Região Sudeste (51,9%) e eram das classes econômicas B (53,8%) e C (34,1%). Cerca de metade das mães dos adolescentes não tinha o ensino médio completo (51,7%). O grupo de adolescentes com mais de seis meses de aleitamento materno (51,8%) apresentou uma menor prevalência de TMC para os dois pontos de corte do GHQ-12 avaliados, quando comparado com o grupo que não recebeu aleitamento materno ou que o recebeu por período ≤ 1 mês (RI = 0,82; IC95%:0,69-0,97 e RI = 0,74; IC95%: 0,59-0,91 para 3 e 5 pontos, respectivamente). O aleitamento materno prolongado parece desempenhar um papel protetor para a ocorrência de TMC na adolescência.

Abstract: This article sought to evaluate the effect of exposure, and exposure time, to breastfeeding on the occurrence of common mental disorders (CMD) among Brazilian adolescents enrolled in school. This study analyzed data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA), evaluating those whose questionnaire regarding breastfeeding had been filled out by parents or guardians. The presence of CMD was identified using the General Health Questionnaire, version 12 items (GHQ-12), and we considered two cutoff points (scores ≥ 3 and ≥ 5). We tested the associations in bivariate analyses and through multiple logistical regression models, adjusting for potential confounding variables. Of the 41,723 adolescents we evaluated, most were students of the female sex (54.6%), aged between 12 and 15 years (71%), attended public schools (83.1%), resided in the Southeastern region (51.9%) and belonged to the economic classes B (53.8%) and C (34.1%). Around half of the adolescents’ mothers had not completed their secondary education (51.7%). The group of adolescents who were breastfed for more than six months (51.8%) had a lower CMD prevalence for both GHQ-12 cutoff points, when compared with the group who were not breastfed or who were breastfed for ≤ 1 month (IR = 0.82; 95%CI: 0.69-0.97 and IR = 0.74; 95%CI: 0.59-0.91 for 3 and 5 points, respectively). Prolonged breastfeeding seems to play a protective role on the occurrence of CMD in adolescence.

Resumen: El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la exposición y del tiempo de exposición a la lactancia materna en la ocurrencia de trastornos mentales comunes (TMC) entre adolescentes escolares brasileñas. Este trabajo analizó datos del Estudio de Riesgos Cardiovasculares en Adolescentes (ERICA), evaluando aquellos, cuyo cuestionario -referente a la lactancia materna- había sido respondido por los padres o responsables legales. La presencia de TMC fue identificada por el General Health Questionnaire, versión 12 ítems (GHQ-12), considerándose dos puntos de corte (puntuaciones ≥ 3 y ≥ 5). Las asociaciones fueron probadas en análisis bivariados, y a través de modelos de regresión logística múltiple, con ajustes por variables potenciales de confusión. Entre los 41.723 adolescentes evaluados, la mayoría estuvo compuesta por estudiantes que eran del sexo femenino (54,6%), que tenían una edad entre 12 y 15 años (71%), estudiaban en escuelas públicas (83,1%), residían en la región Sudeste (51,9%) y eran de las clases económicas B (53,8%) y C (34,1%). Cerca de la mitad de las madres de los adolescentes no contaba con la enseñanza media completa (51,7%). El grupo de adolescentes con más de seis meses de lactancia materna (51,8%) presentó una menor prevalencia de TMC para los dos puntos de corte del GHQ-12 evaluados, cuando se comparan con el grupo que no recibió lactancia materna o que la recibió durante un período ≤ 1 mes (RI = 0,82; IC95%: 0,69-0,97 y RI = 0,74 y IC95%: 0,59-0,91 para 3 y 5 puntos, respectivamente). La lactancia materna prolongada parece desempeñar un papel protector para la ocurrencia de TMC en la adolescencia.

Resumo: O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da exposição e do tempo de exposição ao aleitamento materno na ocorrência de transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) entre adolescentes escolares brasileiros. Este trabalho analisou dados do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA), avaliando aqueles que tiveram o questionário referente ao aleitamento materno respondido pelos pais ou responsáveis. A presença de TMC foi identificada pelo General Health Questionnaire, versão 12 itens (GHQ-12), considerando-se dois pontos de corte (escores ≥ 3 e ≥ 5). As associações foram testadas em análises bivariadas e por meio de modelos de regressão logística múltipla, com ajustes por variáveis potenciais de confusão. Dentre os 41.723 adolescentes avaliados, a maioria foi composta por estudantes do sexo feminino (54,6%), que tinham idades entre 12 e 15 anos (71%), estudavam em escolas públicas (83,1%), residiam na Região Sudeste (51,9%) e eram das classes econômicas B (53,8%) e C (34,1%). Cerca de metade das mães dos adolescentes não tinha o ensino médio completo (51,7%). O grupo de adolescentes com mais de seis meses de aleitamento materno (51,8%) apresentou uma menor prevalência de TMC para os dois pontos de corte do GHQ-12 avaliados, quando comparado com o grupo que não recebeu aleitamento materno ou que o recebeu por período ≤ 1 mês (RI = 0,82; IC95%:0,69-0,97 e RI = 0,74; IC95%: 0,59-0,91 para 3 e 5 pontos, respectivamente). O aleitamento materno prolongado parece desempenhar um papel protetor para a ocorrência de TMC na adolescência.

Abstract: This article sought to evaluate the effect of exposure, and exposure time, to breastfeeding on the occurrence of common mental disorders (CMD) among Brazilian adolescents enrolled in school. This study analyzed data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA), evaluating those whose questionnaire regarding breastfeeding had been filled out by parents or guardians. The presence of CMD was identified using the General Health Questionnaire, version 12 items (GHQ-12), and we considered two cutoff points (scores ≥ 3 and ≥ 5). We tested the associations in bivariate analyses and through multiple logistical regression models, adjusting for potential confounding variables. Of the 41,723 adolescents we evaluated, most were students of the female sex (54.6%), aged between 12 and 15 years (71%), attended public schools (83.1%), resided in the Southeastern region (51.9%) and belonged to the economic classes B (53.8%) and C (34.1%). Around half of the adolescents’ mothers had not completed their secondary education (51.7%). The group of adolescents who were breastfed for more than six months (51.8%) had a lower CMD prevalence for both GHQ-12 cutoff points, when compared with the group who were not breastfed or who were breastfed for ≤ 1 month (IR = 0.82; 95%CI: 0.69-0.97 and IR = 0.74; 95%CI: 0.59-0.91 for 3 and 5 points, respectively). Prolonged breastfeeding seems to play a protective role on the occurrence of CMD in adolescence.

Resumen: El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la exposición y del tiempo de exposición a la lactancia materna en la ocurrencia de trastornos mentales comunes (TMC) entre adolescentes escolares brasileñas. Este trabajo analizó datos del Estudio de Riesgos Cardiovasculares en Adolescentes (ERICA), evaluando aquellos, cuyo cuestionario -referente a la lactancia materna- había sido respondido por los padres o responsables legales. La presencia de TMC fue identificada por el General Health Questionnaire, versión 12 ítems (GHQ-12), considerándose dos puntos de corte (puntuaciones ≥ 3 y ≥ 5). Las asociaciones fueron probadas en análisis bivariados, y a través de modelos de regresión logística múltiple, con ajustes por variables potenciales de confusión. Entre los 41.723 adolescentes evaluados, la mayoría estuvo compuesta por estudiantes que eran del sexo femenino (54,6%), que tenían una edad entre 12 y 15 años (71%), estudiaban en escuelas públicas (83,1%), residían en la región Sudeste (51,9%) y eran de las clases económicas B (53,8%) y C (34,1%). Cerca de la mitad de las madres de los adolescentes no contaba con la enseñanza media completa (51,7%). El grupo de adolescentes con más de seis meses de lactancia materna (51,8%) presentó una menor prevalencia de TMC para los dos puntos de corte del GHQ-12 evaluados, cuando se comparan con el grupo que no recibió lactancia materna o que la recibió durante un período ≤ 1 mes (RI = 0,82; IC95%: 0,69-0,97 y RI = 0,74 y IC95%: 0,59-0,91 para 3 y 5 puntos, respectivamente). La lactancia materna prolongada parece desempeñar un papel protector para la ocurrencia de TMC en la adolescencia.

Os objetivos deste artigo são: (i) comparar medidas autorrelatadas de peso e estatura com medidas aferidas; (ii) avaliar o impacto dessas discrepâncias sobre o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e as prevalências de sobrepeso e obesidade; e (iii) aplicar modelos de correção das medidas autorrelatadas e avaliar o grau de melhoria das medidas corrigidas produzidas pelo uso desses modelos. Realizou-se estudo transversal, com avaliação de 4.151 adultos (18 a 60 anos) participantes do Estudo Epidemiológico dos Transtornos Mentais São Paulo Megacity. Foram propostos e testados modelos de regressão linear estratificados por sexo, para a correção das medidas autorrelatadas. Para avaliar a concordância, usou-se o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse para as medidas aferidas, medidas autorrelatadas e medidas corrigidas, bem como o coeficiente kappa para as categorias de classificação do IMC. O peso autorrelatado e o IMC resultantes foram subestimados, ao passo que a estatura foi superestimada, comparados às medidas aferidas. Com todos os modelos de correção, as medidas corrigidas tornaram-se mais próximas às medidas aferidas. As prevalências de excesso de peso, quando calculadas a partir das medidas autorrelatadas, estavam subestimadas em 24% em homens e 28% em mulheres. Com as correções, a subestimativa diminuiu para 8% e 10%, respectivamente. Identificou-se concordância moderada para as medidas autorrelatadas e concordância substancial para as medidas corrigidas, quando comparadas às medidas reais. O uso de equações de correção para dados autorrelatados mostrou-se um método útil para produzir estimativas mais fidedignas da prevalência de excesso de peso e obesidade na população geral, geralmente estimadas a partir de medidas de peso e estatura autorrelatadas nos inquéritos populacionais.

The study’s objectives: compare self-report measures of weight and height with direct measures; assess the impact of these discrepancies on body mass index (BMI) and prevalence of overweight and obesity; and apply correction models to the self-report measures and assess the degree of improvement in the corrected measures produced with the use of these models. A cross-sectional study was performed, assessing 4,151 adults (18 to 60 years) participating in the São Paulo Megacity Epidemiological Study. Linear regression models stratified by sex were proposed for correction of self-reported measures. Agreement was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient for the direct measures, self-report measures, and corrected measures, and kappa coefficient for BMI classification categories. Self-reported weight and the resulting BMI were underestimated, while height was overestimated, compared to direct measures. With all the correction models, the corrected measures were closer to the direct measures. Prevalence rates for excess weight, calculated by self-report measures, were underestimated by 24% in men and by 28% in women; with corrections, the underestimation decreased to 8% and 10%, respectively. The results showed moderate agreement for self-report measures and substantial agreement for corrected measures compared to direct measures. The use of correction equations for self-report data proved to be a useful method for producing more trustworthy estimates of prevalence of overweight and obesity in the general population, usually estimated from self-report measures of weight and height in population surveys.

Los objetivos fueron: comparar medidas autoinformadas de peso y estatura con medidas evaluadas; evaluar el impacto de estas discrepancias sobre el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y las prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad; y aplicar modelos de corrección de las medidas autoinformadas y evaluar el grado de mejoría de las medidas corregidas, producidas por el uso de esos modelos. Se realizó un estudio transversal evaluando a 4.151 adultos (18 a 60 años), participantes en el Estudio Epidemiológico São Paulo Megacity. Se propusieron y probaron modelos de regresión lineal estratificados por sexo para la corrección de las medidas autoinformadas. Para evaluar la concordancia, se usó el coeficiente de correlación intraclase para las medidas evaluadas, medidas autoinformadas y medidas corregidas, y el coeficiente kappa para las categorías de clasificación del IMC. El peso autoinformado y el IMC resultantes fueron subestimados mientras la estatura fue sobrestimada, comparados con las medidas evaluadas. Con todos los modelos de corrección, las medidas corregidas se convirtieron en más cercanas a las medidas evaluadas. Las prevalencias de exceso de peso, cuando se calculan a partir de las medidas autoinformadas, estaban subestimadas en un 24% en hombres y un 28% en las mujeres; con las correcciones, la infravaloración disminuyó a un 8% y un 10%, respectivamente. Se identificó una concordancia moderada para las medidas autoinformadas y una concordancia sustancial para las medidas corregidas, cuando se compararon con las medidas reales. El uso de ecuaciones de corrección para dados autoinformados se mostró un método útil para producir estimaciones más fidedignas de la prevalencia de exceso de peso y obesidad en la población general, generalmente estimadas a partir de medidas de peso y estatura autoinformadas en las encuestas poblacionales.

RESUMO Objetivo Este trabalho buscou caracterizar os pacientes atendidos no ambulatório geral do Instituto de Psiquiatria da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IPUB-UFRJ) e avaliar sua estabilidade clínica. Métodos Este estudo descritivo, transversal, coletou informações utilizando um questionário estruturado preenchido pelo médico assistente. O questionário, especificamente desenvolvido para esse propósito, continha dados sociodemográficos, área de moradia, diagnóstico psiquiátrico de acordo com a CID-10, avaliação da estabilidade clínica por meio de cinco critérios de instabilidade psiquiátrica e a impressão clínica global do médico, nos últimos seis meses. A estabilidade clínica foi definida como uma resposta negativa a todos os cinco critérios de instabilidade predefinidos. Resultados No total, 1.447 questionários foram preenchidos. A amostra foi composta por 824 (57%) mulheres, com média de idade de 49 anos; 1.104 (76,3%) pacientes residentes na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e 343 (23,7%) residentes fora da cidade; 983 (67,9%) pacientes com diagnóstico de transtorno mental grave (TMG) e 946 (65,3%) pacientes foram considerados estáveis. Estatisticamente, a estabilidade clínica por área de moradia não apresentou diferenças. O critério de instabilidade mais frequente foi “recrudescimento ou o surgimento de manifestações agudas da doença”. Conclusão A maioria dos pacientes apresentava um TMG e foi considerada clinicamente estável.

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to characterize the patients assisted at the general outpatient clinic of the Psychiatry Institute of Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IPUB-UFRJ) and to assess these patients’ clinical stability. Methods This cross-sectional study collected information using a structured questionnaire filled in by the patient’s physician. The questionnaire, specifically developed for this purpose, included sociodemographic data; the dwelling area; psychiatric diagnosis according to ICD-10; clinical stability assessment by means of five psychiatric instability criteria and the physician’s global clinical impression over the six previous months. Clinical stability was defined as a negative answer to all five pre-defined instability criteria. Results Overall, 1,447 questionnaires were filled in. The sample was composed of 824 (57%) women; with an average age of 49 years; 1,104 (76.3%) patients lived in the city of Rio de Janeiro and 343 (23.7%) lived outside the city; 983 (67.9%) patients had a severe mental disorder (SMD) diagnosis and 946 (65.3%) patients were considered stable. Statistically, the clinical stability by dwelling area did not differ. The most frequent clinical instability criterion was “exacerbation or emergence of acute manifestations of the disease”. Conclusion The major part of the patients displayed a SMD and was considered clinically stable.

Abstract Background: There are few data on the epidemiology, clinical manifestations and management of RA in Brazil, even with the recognition of the high direct, indirect and societal costs of this disease. Herein, we report the formation of the REAL - Rheumatoid Arthritis in Real Life, the first nationally representative multicenter prospective observational study in Brazil. Methods: The REAL study was designed to include a total of 1300 evaluable patients from 13 tertiary care public health centers specialized in RA management and representative of 5 regions of Brazil. Each center was expected to enroll ~ 100 consecutively seen patients and follow them prospectively in a systematic protocol-driven fashion with scheduled visits at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Core clinical, laboratory and patient-reported outcomes measures were required to be collected at each visit. Results: A total of 1115 patients (89.4% female, mean age of 56.7 years and median disease duration of 12.7 years) were enrolled from 11 participating centers. Almost 80% of patients were of middle-low or low socioeconomic classes. The median educational time was 8 years, with 3.23% being below literacy level. The interval between symptoms and diagnosis varied from 1 to 457 months (median 12 months). Almost half of the patients were on glucocorticoids, 96.5% on DMARDs, with 35.7% on biologics. Median HAQ-DI was 0.875, ranging from 0 to 3. Median DAS28-ESR was 3.5, with 58.7% of patients presenting moderate or high disease activity. Conclusions: The first large cohort of Brazilian patients with RA in a real-life setting shows several striking differences from previously published cohorts from other countries. The long delay for diagnosis and start of DMARDs may partly explain the high frequency of erosive disease. An elevated percentage of patients on moderate or high disease activity was seen, despite of the high frequency of corticosteroid and biologics utilization. Data from this cohort may enable public health managers of developing countries better allocate the limited resources available for the care of RA patients.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever padrões de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas em adolescentes brasileiros. MÉTODOS Foram investigados adolescentes participantes do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA). Trata-se de estudo transversal, multicêntrico, nacional e de base escolar, que avaliou adolescentes de 1.247 escolas em 124 municípios brasileiros. Os participantes responderam questionário autoaplicável que incluía seção sobre consumo de bebidas alcoólicas. Foram calculadas medidas de frequência relativa (prevalências) e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% para as seguintes variáveis: uso de bebidas alcoólicas nos últimos 30 dias, frequência de uso, número de copos ou doses consumidas no período, idade com que bebeu pela primeira vez e tipo de bebida mais consumido. Os dados foram estimados para o País e por macrorregião, sexo e grupo etário. Utilizou-se o módulo survey do programa Stata para análise de dados de amostra complexa. RESULTADOS Foram avaliados 74.589 adolescentes, que representaram 72,9% dos alunos elegíveis. Cerca de 1/5 dos adolescentes consumiram bebidas alcoólicas pelo menos uma vez nos últimos 30 dias e, desses, aproximadamente 2/3 o fizeram em uma ou duas ocasiões no período. Entre os adolescentes que consumiam bebidas alcoólicas, 24,1% beberam pela primeira vez antes de 12 anos de idade, e os tipos de bebidas alcoólicas mais consumidas pelos adolescentes foram os drinques à base de vodca, rum ou tequila e a cerveja. CONCLUSÕES Observou-se prevalência elevada de uso de álcool por adolescentes, assim como um início precoce. Identificou-se ainda uma possível mudança do tipo de bebida de preferência em comparação com investigações anteriores.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the patterns of alcohol consumption in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS We investigated adolescents who participated in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA). This is a cross-sectional, national and school-based study, which surveyed adolescents of 1,247 schools from 124 Brazilian municipalities. Participants answered a self-administered questionnaire with a section on alcoholic beverages consumption. Measures of relative frequency (prevalence), and their 95% confidence intervals, were estimated for the following variables: use of alcohol beverages in the last 30 days, frequency of use, number of glasses or doses consumed in the period, age of the first use of alcohol, and most consumed type of drink. Data were estimated for country and macro-region, sex, and age group. The module survey of the Stata program was used for data analysis of complex sample. RESULTS We evaluated 74,589 adolescents, who accounted for 72.9% of eligible students. About 1/5 of adolescents consumed alcohol at least once in the last 30 days and about 2/3 in one or two occasions during this period. Among the adolescents who consumed alcoholic beverages, 24.1% drank it for the first time before being 12 years old, and the most common type of alcoholic beverages consumed by them were drinks based on vodka, rum or tequila, and beer. CONCLUSIONS There is a high prevalence of alcohol consumption among adolescents, as well as their early onset of alcohol use. We also identified a possible change in the preferred type of alcoholic beverages compared with previous research.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Estimar os custos diretos associados ao atendimento ambulatorial e hospitalar de doenças relacionadas com o consumo de álcool no Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro. MÉTODOS Riscos atribuíveis populacionais foram calculados para doenças selecionadas relacionadas ao uso de 25 g/dia ou mais de etanol (consumo de risco), considerando-se o risco relativo (RR) ≥ 1,.20. As estimativas de RR foram obtidas a partir de três meta-análises e as taxas de consumo de risco em brasileiros ≥ 18 anos obtidos em pesquisa nacional. Os dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS (SIH-SUS) e do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do SUS (SIA-SUS) foram utilizados para estimar os custos anuais do SUS com as doenças incluídas na análise. RESULTADOS Os custos totais estimados em um ano com todas as doenças relacionadas com consumo de risco foram US$8.262.762 (US$4.413.670 e US$3.849.092 para pacientes ambulatoriais e internados, respectivamente). CONCLUSÕES Consumo de risco de álcool representa importante problema econômico e de saúde, com um impacto significativo para o sistema de saúde e para a sociedade.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the direct costs associated to outpatient and hospital care of diseases related to alcohol consumption in the Brazilian Unified Health System. METHODS Attributable populational risks were estimated for the selected diseases related to the use of 25 g/day or more of ethanol (risk consumption), considering a relative risk (RR) ≥ 1.20. The RR estimates were obtained from three meta-analysis. The risk consumption rates of the Brazilian population ≥ 18 years old were obtained by a national survey. Data from the Hospital Information System of SUS (HIS-SUS) were used to estimate the annual costs of the health system with the diseases included in the analysis. RESULTS The total estimated costs for a year regarding diseases related to risk consumption were U$8,262,762 (US$4,413,670 and US$3,849,092, for outpatient and hospital care, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Risk consumption of alcohol is an important economic and health problem, impacting significantly the health system and society.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Estimar os custos diretos associados ao atendimento ambulatorial e hospitalar de doenças relacionadas com o consumo de álcool no Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro. MÉTODOS Riscos atribuíveis populacionais foram calculados para doenças selecionadas relacionadas ao uso de 25 g/dia ou mais de etanol (consumo de risco), considerando-se o risco relativo (RR) ≥ 1,.20. As estimativas de RR foram obtidas a partir de três meta-análises e as taxas de consumo de risco em brasileiros ≥ 18 anos obtidos em pesquisa nacional. Os dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS (SIH-SUS) e do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do SUS (SIA-SUS) foram utilizados para estimar os custos anuais do SUS com as doenças incluídas na análise. RESULTADOS Os custos totais estimados em um ano com todas as doenças relacionadas com consumo de risco foram US$8.262.762 (US$4.413.670 e US$3.849.092 para pacientes ambulatoriais e internados, respectivamente). CONCLUSÕES Consumo de risco de álcool representa importante problema econômico e de saúde, com um impacto significativo para o sistema de saúde e para a sociedade.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the direct costs associated to outpatient and hospital care of diseases related to alcohol consumption in the Brazilian Unified Health System. METHODS Attributable populational risks were estimated for the selected diseases related to the use of 25 g/day or more of ethanol (risk consumption), considering a relative risk (RR) ≥ 1.20. The RR estimates were obtained from three meta-analysis. The risk consumption rates of the Brazilian population ≥ 18 years old were obtained by a national survey. Data from the Hospital Information System of SUS (HIS-SUS) were used to estimate the annual costs of the health system with the diseases included in the analysis. RESULTS The total estimated costs for a year regarding diseases related to risk consumption were U$8,262,762 (US$4,413,670 and US$3,849,092, for outpatient and hospital care, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Risk consumption of alcohol is an important economic and health problem, impacting significantly the health system and society.